Conservation at kākāpō pace | Conservation blog

Source: Department of Conservation

Conservation for the critically endangered kākāpō dates back 130 years to 1894, when Richard Henry first moved kākāpō to (then) predator free Resolution Island. Today, DOC’s Kākāpō Recovery Programme combines the efforts of iwi, partners, scientists, rangers, volunteers, and donors to continue to protect and restore this taonga species.

Our purpose is to restore the mauri (life force) of the once plentiful kākāpō. So far, efforts have been rewarded and during nearly 30 years of the programme the population has increased from 51 to the 247 kākāpō alive today. It’s a long game with challenges that can be grouped into three main categories; habitat, genetics, and disease.

Kākāpō Advocacy Ranger, Andie Gentle, looks into the first challenge – habitat, and what it takes to find new sites for the growing kākāpō population.

Kākāpō pace

Aotearoa New Zealand’s much adored night parrots come with their own, unhurried pace. Longevity is on their side. The oldest kākāpō known today is at least 51 years old and it is estimated they could live between 60-90 years old. Many kākāpō reach their teens before they start successfully breeding and even then, they only breed once every 2-4 years.

Most of today’s 247 kākāpō live on two Southern predator-free islands which are reaching kākāpō-capacity. With each breeding season, there is an increasing need to find sites to support kākāpō populations into the future. To be suitable, sites need vast native forest, no predators (feral cats, rats and stoats) and the ability to stimulate successful breeding (more on that later).

Kākāpō-pace means each new site trial could take a decade or more to gather the information required. One long-term site trial that has recently been completed was on Te Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island.

Hauturu & kākāpō

There are only two pest-free islands in New Zealand large enough to sustain a population of kākāpō that are certainly beyond the swimming distance of rats and stoats. One of them, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, is a successful breeding home to a population of nearly 100 kākāpō. The other is Te Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island.

Hauturu is a sanctuary 80km north-east of Tāmaki Makaurau/Auckland. It was New Zealand’s first nature reserve and is now a refuge for hundreds of rare and endangered plants, birds, and animals.

Kākāpō were first translocated to Hauturu in 1982. At the time, there were just 29 known kākāpō and it had become clear that they were being predated by cats on Rakiura/Stewart Island. With the presence of kiore (the Pacific rat) but no feral cats, Hauturu was identified as a safer haven. By the end of 1982, 21 kākāpō had been relocated there. Intensive management and supplementary feeding programmes began seven years later after no breeding had occurred on the island.

Breeding triggers

The only known trigger to stimulate kākāpō breeding today is the mast of the rimu tree. This happens once every 2-4 years on the Southern islands. We can predict a mast in advance by comparing seasonal temperatures year-on-year and counting fruit tips.

To best support the critically endangered kākāpō we supplementary feed them ahead of a breeding season to help them reach top breeding condition. Additional feeding for chick rearing is also required if the mast was big enough to stimulate breeding but didn’t result in enough fruit to sustain chick rearing (which may occur after storms or extreme weather events or if the fruit doesn’t ripen).

Despite the absence of rimu on Hauturu, several breeding attempts were made there in the 1990’s and two chicks were raised with supplementary feeding support. It was the kauri tree that was thought to be the most likely trigger to stimulate kākāpō breeding on the island. Regardless, this was proof that, with support, kākāpō could thrive on Hauturu.

There was just one big problem. The island’s terrain is much more extreme than the Southern islands, making this level of hands-on management logistically challenging.

The rugged terrain of Hauturu, being navigated by DOC rangers and Auckland Zoo team members as they carry out work with kākāpō on the island | DOC.

By 1999 more kākāpō had been discovered on Rakiura and the total population numbered 63. All kākāpō were returned South to help diversify the precious breeding populations that were now active on Whenua Hou and Maud Island. Following the removal of kākāpō, kiore were eradicated from Hauturu and the sanctuary gained pest-free status in 2004.

The trial

With supplementary feeding successful but not feasible on Hauturu, the next step was to learn if kākāpō could breed and raise chicks there without support. In 2012, eight of the total 125 kākāpō at the time were carefully selected by their genetic profiles and breeding history to help us find out. Over the coming years another nine joined the trial.

Seven of this cohort had been on Hauturu before. Notably, all seven returned to their old home ranges on the island within a couple of weeks of arriving back. Two of the returning birds were super-breeders Blades and Flossie, who had each produced the most offspring by a male and female respectively at the time.

What did we learn?

Unfortunately, the next decade saw limited breeding success on the island. In 2014 Heather was the only female to nest. She only hatched one of three fertile eggs herself and that chick needed support as, by ten days old, it was starving. It was the same poor result in 2016 when Heather and Lisa nested and the only chick to hatch also required support due to lack of food. Lisa nested again in 2021, but her two eggs were infertile.

During the trial period of 12 years, the kauri tree did not produce a heavy crop of seeds as it had in the past. Along with the poor nesting outcomes, this confirmed that while Hauturu is safe for kākāpō, they are unlikely to be productive on the island without supplementary feeding.

Wrapping up the trial

In 2023 it was decided that the kākāpō on Hauturu would be more valuable back on the Southern breeding islands, and the plan is for all to be returned by the end of this year.

It may not be the last time kākāpō live amongst the Hauturu forest, so remnant of primeval New Zealand. Given the long lifespan of kākāpō and the size and pest-free status of Hauturu, the island could play a role in the future security of the population until other safe breeding sites become available.

For now, the island has helped provide valuable data and insights to help manage kākāpō conservation for decades to come.

Left: DOC Ranger Richard Walle. Middle: Jasmine from Auckland Zoo carrying kākāpō before the first transfer off Hauturu, 2023. Right: DOC Ranger Dani completing a transmitter change and health check on Flossie in 2023. All photos by DOC.

It takes a village

DOC’s Kākāpō Recovery team worked closely with iwi (tribe) representatives from Ngāi Tahu and the Ngāti Manuhiri Settlement Trust to undertake the trial and the required transfers of the manu between rohe.

Kākāpō are a taonga species to Ngāi Tahu, the principal Māori iwi of southern New Zealand. It is of great significance to iwi when the care and protection of a taonga is transferred. During the Hauturu trial local mana whenua Ngāti Manuhiri took on kaitiaki responsibilities of the manu through the tikanga of whāngai (the concept of fostering).

This trial was undertaken in association with Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund with practical assistance from Auckland Zoo staff and its vet hospital, the New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine. It was also supported by Kākāpō Recovery Programme’s National Partner Meridian Energy and DOC’s National Partner Air New Zealand.

Ngāti Manuhiri and Ngāi Tahu representatives with DOC team members during (left) the first transfer from Hauturu to Fiordland in July 2023, and (right) the second transfer in August 2024. The final cohort of remaining monitored kākāpō on Hauturu will return later this year | DOC.

Moving forward to step back

Two new site trials are underway at Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari in Waikato and Coal Island/Te Puka-Hereka in Fiordland, and there are more to come. Like at Hauturu, it will be years before results are known, but it is hoped that more breeding triggers could be discovered along the way.

The last three breeding seasons have been bumper on the Southern islands. The next breeding season is predicted to be 2026 and with more than 80 breeding-aged females, it could be the biggest yet.

Rakiura will be a game changer for kākāpō when it becomes predator free. From there, the goal will be to one day return kākāpō to all their natural ranges throughout New Zealand. Of course, these visions will rely on the success of the country’s predator free movements.

We’ve come a long way since 1894; just imagine Aotearoa after another 130 years of care and protection. Will kākāpō be roaming safe and free among our great-grandchildren?

Anything is possible, even when each day goes at kākāpō-pace.


Get involved

Together with our Treaty Partner Ngāi Tahu and National Partner Meridian Energy we are grateful for the ongoing commitment from our supporters. There are lots of ways you can help ensure a brighter future for kākāpō.

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Destination AKL 2025: a new direction for Auckland’s visitor economy Auckland’s visitor economy has embarked on an exciting new direction of travel today with the launch of Destination AKL 2025 – a new strategy that encourages the sustainable growth of one of Auckland’s and New Zealand’s most important industries. Destination AKL 2025 has been initiated by Auckland… Published 11 MAY 2018

Source: Auckland Tourism, Events & Economic Development (ATEED)

Headline: Destination AKL 2025: a new direction for Auckland’s visitor economy

Auckland’s visitor economy has embarked on an exciting new direction of travel today with the launch of Destination AKL 2025 – a new strategy that encourages the sustainable growth of one of Auckland’s and New Zealand’s most important industries.

Destination AKL 2025 has been initiated by Auckland…

Published
11 MAY 2018

Auckland’s visitor economy has embarked on an exciting new direction of travel today with the launch of Destination AKL 2025 – a new strategy that encourages the sustainable growth of one of Auckland’s and New Zealand’s most important industries.

Auckland wins Ultimate Sports City third time running Auckland has been named ‘Best Medium City’ at the prestigious SportsBusiness Ultimate Sports City Awards for the third consecutive time. The awards, which happen every two years, were announced at the 2018 Sport Accord World Sport and Business Summit in Bangkok last night. Auckland’s accolade com… Published 17 APR 2018

Source: Auckland Tourism, Events & Economic Development (ATEED)

Headline: Auckland wins Ultimate Sports City third time running

Auckland has been named ‘Best Medium City’ at the prestigious SportsBusiness Ultimate Sports City Awards for the third consecutive time.

The awards, which happen every two years, were announced at the 2018 Sport Accord World Sport and Business Summit in Bangkok last night.

Auckland’s accolade com…

Published
17 APR 2018

Auckland has been named ‘Best Medium City’ at the prestigious SportsBusiness Ultimate Sports City Awards for the third consecutive time.

The awards, which happen every two years, were announced at the 2018 Sport Accord World Sport and Business Summit in Bangkok last night.

Auckland’s accolade comes on the back of the biggest periods in its history for major events, including the World Masters Games 2017, the British & Irish Lions Series, Rugby League World Cup 2017 and Volvo Ocean Race stopover, in addition Auckland’s annual major events portfolio – a diverse range of cultural, sporting and lifestyle events.

The ‘Best Medium City’ award is open to cities with populations between 1.3 and 2 million. Auckland joined an exclusive group of London, New York, Melbourne and Glasgow, as the overall and city category winners.*

Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff says, “Sporting events make our city a more interesting and exciting place to live. They attract tens of thousands of competitors and spectators from around the world and inject money into our regional economy.

“Major sporting events allow us to show off everything a world class Auckland has to offer. They support our venues and thousands of people working in a range of industries around our region,” says Mayor Goff.

Head of Major Events for Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development (ATEED), Stuart Turner says Auckland was commended for its strong and transparent major events strategy, its successful policy of creating home-grown events, and its high scores across the judging categories.

“This latest accolade reinforces Auckland’s reputation as a major events city which can deliver world-class events – and that’s important as we compete internationally to host events which inject tens of millions into our economy every year.

“We are renowned for our natural outdoor facilities – sailing, triathlon, running and cycling events are frequently held along Auckland’s waterfront, in the Waitematā Harbour and on Auckland’s iconic Harbour Bridge, which all provide beautiful environments for athletes to race in, great vantage points for spectators and stunning images for event broadcasts.

“Hosting major events is a proven, internationally recognised way to generate social and economic benefits for cities, and Auckland is at the top of its game as a host city.”

Since Auckland’s Major Events Strategy was approved by Auckland Council in 2011, ATEED-sponsored major events have contributed $360 million to the regional economy and 2.2m visitor nights (from 2011/12 FY – 2016/17 FY).

* London was best overall Ultimate Sports City, while New York, Melbourne and Glasgow took best extra-large, large and small city awards.

DIGMYIDEA Māori Innovation Challenge launches seeking out budding digital entrepreneurs The DIGMYIDEA Māori Innovation Challenge is now open, with the competition calling on budding Māori digital entrepreneurs to put their ideas forward.  DIGMYIDEA – now in its third year – aims to inspire more Māori to engage in the digital economy by helping emerging Māori innovators turn their crea… Published 17 APR 2018

Source: Auckland Tourism, Events & Economic Development (ATEED)

Headline: DIGMYIDEA Māori Innovation Challenge launches seeking out budding digital entrepreneurs

The DIGMYIDEA Māori Innovation Challenge is now open, with the competition calling on budding Māori digital entrepreneurs to put their ideas forward. 

DIGMYIDEA – now in its third year – aims to inspire more Māori to engage in the digital economy by helping emerging Māori innovators turn their crea…

Published
17 APR 2018

The DIGMYIDEA Māori Innovation Challenge is now open, with the competition calling on budding Māori digital entrepreneurs to put their ideas forward. 

DIGMYIDEA – now in its third year – aims to inspire more Māori to engage in the digital economy by helping emerging Māori innovators turn their creative ideas into reality. 

Individuals, or teams of up to five people, can enter DIGMYIDEA, with $10,000 worth of business startup assistance going to the overall winning entries in the following two categories:  

  • Rerenga o te Kora: (15-24 year olds)  
  • Muranga o te Ahi:  (25 years and over) 

 DIGMYIDEA entries must be exciting, innovative, digital and entrepreneurial. They can be anything from an app to a web programme, or even a digital extension of a more traditional business. 

Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development (ATEED) General Manager Business, Innovation and Skills Pam Ford says DIGMYIDEA helps to find promising entrepreneurial talent which can be nurtured and developed. 

“The competition aims to stimulate the interest and involvement of Māori within New Zealand’s innovation ecosystem, which is a unique point of difference both at home and on the world stage, and an important part of building the technology sector,” she says.

“Ideas should have the potential to create economic opportunities for Māori and other New Zealanders, as well as be considered for the export market,” Pam Ford says.

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DIGMYIDEA 2015 winner, Josh Arnold (Ngāpuhi) – who jointly won the 15 to 18 year age category – is now studying at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). The university, close to Silicon Valley, is one of the world’s leading cross-disciplinary research and teaching institutions. 

While Josh’s idea ‘Hang’, an application which encourages people to socialise with friends in real life, wasn’t feasible to continue in the end, he says the whole experience took him on a valuable journey. 

“DIGMYIDEA was really my first introduction to the business world. It helped me create a vision for my future and this motivated me to work harder at school. This helped me go on to study at UC Davis where I’m finishing my first year studying computer science and biology,” he says. 

“I have a particular interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and how this technology can be applied to make a real global difference. I’m soon to start the Silicon Valley Innovation Camp as part of Stanford University’s summer school where ideas are to focus around ‘having a positive impact on the world’. 

“I’m looking forward to pushing the boundaries with other students and designing ambitious new ideas that can make a real difference,” Josh says. 

Matariki is the Māori name for the cluster of stars also known as the Pleiades. It rises in mid-winter and for many Māori, it heralds the start of a new year. The DIGIwānanga – a mentoring workshop where finalists will pitch their ideas in front of judges – will run from 6-8 July which is when Matariki can be seen just above the horizon before the sun comes up; a great connection between a new year and the birth of new ideas.  

A DIGMYIDEA Hack-A-Thon is also being held as part of Techweek’18. This one day event (Saturday, 19 May) is designed for Māori with digital business aspirations to come together and use technology to transform ideas into reality. Ideas as part of the Hack-A-Thon can also be submitted for the DIGMYIDEA Māori Innovation Challenge. 

DIGMYIDEA entries should be submitted through the website www.digmyidea.nz by Sunday, 27 May 2018. 

Auckland wins international AI conference The latest developments in the fascinating and fast-moving world of artificial intelligence will be revealed and discussed in Auckland in 2020, when the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) comes to New Zealand for the first time in its nearly 20-year history…. Published 16 APR 2018

Source: Auckland Tourism, Events & Economic Development (ATEED)

Headline: Auckland wins international AI conference

The latest developments in the fascinating and fast-moving world of artificial intelligence will be revealed and discussed in Auckland in 2020, when the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) comes to New Zealand for the first time in its nearly 20-year history….

Published
16 APR 2018

The latest developments in the fascinating and fast-moving world of artificial intelligence will be revealed and discussed in Auckland in 2020, when the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) comes to New Zealand for the first time in its nearly 20-year history.

More than 500 delegates from around the world are expected to attend the five-day conference in April/May 2020, delivering more than 2400 visitor nights and nearly $900,000 in economic value to the region.

AAMAS is the largest and most influential global conference focused on agents and multi-agent systems – key elements of artificial intelligence which are widely applied in robotics, smart mobile systems and decision support systems.

The conference will bring together researchers and practitioners in all areas of agent technology and provide a single, high-profile forum for research in theory and practice.

The New Zealand bid team was led by Dr Quan Bai at Auckland University of Technology (AUT), and Professor Michael Winikoff from the University of Otago – with support from Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development’s Auckland Convention Bureau (ACB) and Tourism New Zealand’s Conference Assistance Programme.

Dr Bai, Senior Lecturer at AUT’s School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, says it will be just the second time in 20 years that AAMAS will be held in Oceania: “That is fantastic recognition of New Zealand’s emergence in the highly specialised world of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems.

“It wasn’t easy to win the bid against strong competition, and the hard work isn’t over. In fact, it starts all over again now as we aim to deliver a fantastic, highly successful AAMAS.”

Head of ACB, Anna Hayward says: “Securing another significant international conference brings great opportunities for Auckland and New Zealand’s scientists to showcase their world-class expertise to an influential international audience, and to build important global relationships.

“Following hot on the heels of a series of major recent international business event wins ACB has assisted with, this is further great news for Auckland and New Zealand’s visitor economy.”

Tourism New Zealand’s Manager of Business Events and Premium, Lisa Gardiner says: “Attracting globally-renowned conferences such as this one support Tourism New Zealand’s strategy to grow the value of international tourism to New Zealand.

“They benefit the economy and support sector growth, including the creation of high value jobs for New Zealanders.”